Workforce Characteristics, Workplace and Job Satisfaction, Stress, Burnout, and Happiness of Music Therapists in the United States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v22i1.3366Keywords:
workforce characteristics, job satisfaction, stress, burnout, happiness, professional development, music therapistsAbstract
This survey research examined the work lives of music therapists in the United States. With the inclusion of data on salary, workplace and job satisfaction, stress, burnout, and happiness, a comprehensive picture of the working lives of music therapists emerges. On the whole, music therapists appear to be generally happy with their workplace and job conditions and to experience moderate stress and low burnout. Data regarding salaries reveal a complex economic landscape. Although the average full-time salary of a music therapist was $51,099.69, salaries varied widely, with newly credentialed music therapists and those with less than six years of experience reporting lower average salaries. Variations in salaries, stress, burnout, and happiness were also evident across workplaces. Implications for the profession, including advocacy efforts, support for early-career professionals, and additional support for career development, invite further discussion.
References
American Music Therapy Association (2018). 2018 AMTA member survey & workforce analysis. AMTA.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2020, December 30a). Occupational employment and wages, May 2019. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes291125.htm
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2020, December 30b). Employment projections: Employment by major industry sector. https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/employment-by-major-industry-sector.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (n.d.). Preferred terms for select population groups and communities. Retrieved October 7th, 2019 from https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Preferred_Terms.html
Chang, K. (2014). An opportunity for positive change and growth: Music therapists’ experiences of burnout. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 20(2), 64–85.
Chowdhury, M. (n.d.) Happiness at work: 10 tips for being happy at work. Retrieved January 15, 2022 from https://positivepsychology.com/happiness-at-work/
Clements-Cortes, A. (2013). Burnout in music therapists: Work, individual, and social factors. Music Therapy Perspectives, 31(2), 166–174. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1093/mtp/31.2.166
Coplan, B., McCall, T., Smith, N., Gellert, V., & Essary, A. (2018). Burnout, job satisfaction, and stress levels of PAs. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 31(9), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.31478/201812b
Eyre, L., & Lee, J.-H. (2015). Mixed-methods survey of professional perspectives of music therapy practice in mental health. Music Therapy Perspectives, 33(2), 162–181. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1093/mtp/miv034
Ferrer, A. (2017). Current trends and future directions in music therapy. In O. Yinger (Ed.), Music therapy: Research and evidence-based practice (pp. 125–138). Elsevier.
Gaddy, S., Gallardo, R., McCluskey, S., Moore, L., Peuser, A., Rotert, R., Stypulkoski, C., & LaGasse, B. (2020). COVID-19 and music therapists’ employment, service delivery, perceived stress, and hope: A descriptive study. Music Therapy Perspectives, 38(2), 157–166.
Gooding, L. F. (2019). Burnout among music therapists: An integrative review. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 28(5), 426–440. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1080/08098131.2019.1621364
Gooding, L. F. (2018a). Occupational health and well-being: Hazards, treatment options, and prevention strategies for music therapists. Music Therapy Perspectives, 36(2), 207–214. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1093/mtp/miw028
Gooding, L. F. (2018b). Work-life factors and job satisfaction among music therapy educators: A national survey. Music Therapy Perspectives, 36(1), 97–107. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1093/mtp/mix015
Kennelly, J. D., Daveson, B. A., & Baker, F. A. (2016). Effects of professional music therapy supervision on clinical outcomes and therapist competency: A systematic review involving narrative synthesis. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 25(2), 185–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2015.1010563
Kim, Y. (2016). Music therapists’ job demands, job autonomy, social support, and their relationship with burnout and turnover intention. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 51, 17–23. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1016/j.aip.2016.08.001
Kim, Y. (2012). Music therapists’ job satisfaction, collective self-esteem, and burnout. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(1), 66–71. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1016/j.aip.2011.10.002
Kim, Y., Jeong, J., & Ko, M.-H. (2013). A qualitative study of Korean music therapist’s turnover experiences. Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(5), 449–457. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1016/j.aip.2013.09.006
Mayo Clinic (2022). Job burnout: How to spot it and take action? Retrieved January 13, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/burnout/art-20046642
mba SKOOL (2021). Job satisfaction meaning, importance, factors & example. Retrieved January 9th, 2021 from https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/4394-job-satisfaction.html
Moore, C., & Wilhelm, L. A. (2019). A survey of music therapy students’ perceived stress and self-care practices. Journal of Music Therapy, 56(2), 174–201. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1093/jmt/thz003
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2014). Stress at work. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99–101. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/default.html#What%20Is%20Job%20Stress?
Odell-Miller, H., & Richards, E. (2009). Supervision of music therapy: A theoretical and practical handbook (H. Odell-Miller & E. Richards, Eds.). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Oh, S. (2016). The effect of music therapists’ burn-out and self-resilience on occupational identity. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 142–143. https://doi-org.suproxy.su.edu/10.1080/08098131.2016.1180186
Trondalen, G. (2016). Self-care in music therapy: The art of balancing. In J. Edwards (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Music Therapy (pp. 936–956). Oxford University Press.
van Saane, N., Sluiter, J., Verbeek J., & Frings-Dresen, M. (2003). Reliability and validity of instruments measuring job satisfaction: A systematic review. Occupational Medicine, 53(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg038
Vega, V. P. (2010). Personality, burnout, and longevity among professional music therapists. Journal of Music Therapy, 47(2), 155–179.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Anthony Meadows, Lillian Eyre, Audra Gollenberg

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles published prior to 2019 are subject to the following license, see: https://voices.no/index.php/voices/copyright