Compassionate Human First, Music Therapist Second
Music Therapy as a Radical Force for Social Justice in Institutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v26i1.4580Keywords:
music therapy, anti-oppressive practice, social justice, radical action, institutions, compassionate practiceAbstract
In this paper we elucidate the concept that music therapy can be a radical force for social justice in institutions. We share our interactions with people in music therapy who have lived experience of disability and/or life-limiting health conditions as an impetus for exploring the intersections of social justice, radical and political action, and the institutional settings where music therapy work takes place. In doing so, we challenge definitions of professionalism in music therapy, invite speculation on how music therapy may contribute to systemic oppression and healthcare justice, and offer the idea that being a compassionate human might be the fundamental purpose of music therapy. The intention of this narrative-infused contribution is to encourage a shift within the current discourse from theoretical and idealistic engagement with social justice frameworks to empirical and critical understandings and approaches. We make use of Foluke Taylor’s (2023) anti-oppressive and forgiving style of writing with “loose threads” to expand the scope of our discussion and to invite our audience into dialogue with us.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge in particular our colleagues Fatima Lahham, Hannah Dash, and Luke Wilson, all of whom have gifted significant time to contribute to our thinking and help us find paths to nuance and clarity. Thank you also to Jacob Harrison, Beth Pickard, Alison Hornblower and Kim Saul for reading earlier drafts of this work and providing useful reflection and feedback.
References
Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press.
Aigen, K. (1991). The roots of music therapy: Towards an indigenous research paradigm. [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. https://philpapers.org/rec/AIGTRO.
Akhtar, F. (2022). The emotional labour of decolonising social work curricula. Journal of Social Work Practice, 37(3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2022.2115473
Anastasiou D., & Kauffman J. (2013). The social model of disability: Dichotomy between impairment and disability. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 38(4), 441–459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jht026
Annesley, L. (2014). The music therapist in school as Outsider. British Journal of Music Therapy, 28(2), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/135945751402800207
Ansdell, G. (2002). Community music therapy and the winds of change. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v2i2.83
Ansdell, G. (2005). Being who you aren’t; doing what you can’t: Community music therapy & the paradoxes of performance. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v5i3.229
Apley, K. (2025). Music therapists and social justice: Interacting with institutions. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v25i1.3999
Autistictic. (2020, February 14). Introducing the holistic model of disability. https://autistictic.com/2020/02/14/the-holistic-model-of-disability/
Baines, S. (2013). Music therapy as an Anti-Oppressive Practice. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2012.09.003
Baines, S., & Edwards, J. (2015). Considering the ways in which Anti-Oppressive Practice can inform health research. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 42(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2015.01.001
Barnes, C. (1996). Forward. In J. Campbell & M. Oliver (Eds.), Disability politics: Understanding our past, changing our future (pp. ix–xii). Routledge.
Barr, H. (2024, February 6). The Taliban and the Global Backlash Against Women’s Rights. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/06/taliban-and-globalbacklash-against-womens-rights/
BBC News. (2025, March 13). What is assisted dying and how could the law change? https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47158287
Bhopal, K. (2020). Confronting white privilege: The importance of intersectionality in the sociology of education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(6), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1755224
Booth, E. (2024, May 17-19). Music on Deaf Ears: The Importance of Disabled Perspectives [Conference presentation]. BAMT Conference 2024: About all of us, By all of us, For all of us, Leicester, UK.
Bricher, G. (2010). Disabled people, health professionals and the social model of disability: Can there be a research relationship? Disability & Society, 15(5), 781–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/713662004
Bunbury, S. (2019). Unconscious bias and the medical model: How the social model may hold the key to transformative thinking about disability discrimination. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 19(1), 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358229118820742
Burke, T. (2025). History and inception. Me Too. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://metoomvmt.org/get-to-know-us/history-inception/
Cameron, C. A. (2014). Does disability studies have anything to say to music therapy? And would music therapy listen if it did? Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v14i3.794
Charlton, J. I. (2000). Nothing about us without us: Disability oppression and empowerment. University of California Press.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167.
Curtis, S. L. (2012). Music therapy and social justice: A personal journey. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2011.12.004
Davies, H. (2022). ‘Autism is a way of being’: An ‘insider perspective’ on neurodiversity, music therapy and social justice. British Journal of Music Therapy, 36(1), 16–26.https://doi.org/10.1177/13594575221090182
Davies, H., Pickard, B., Roman, T., & Hadjineophytou, S. (2024). ‘Engaging with the Revised HCPC Standards of Proficiency as an Opportunity for Growth in our Understanding of Disability in the Music Therapy Profession’, BAMT Conference 2024:About all of us, By all of us, For all of us, Leicester, UK, 17-19th May 2024.
Davis, A. Y. (1990). Women, culture & politics. Vintage Books.
DeNora, T. (2014). Music asylums: Wellbeing through music in everyday life (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315596730
Devlin, K. (2018). How do I see you, and what does that mean for us? An autoethnographic study. Music Therapy Perspectives, 36(2), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miy005
Edwards, J., & Hadley, S. (2007). Expanding music therapy practice: Incorporating the feminist frame. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(1), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2007.01.001.
Eide, I. S. B. (2020). Institutional logics and the organizational context of music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 29(5), 460–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2020.1775686
Evans, J. E. (2004). Why the medical model needs disability studies (and vice-versa): A perspective from rehabilitation psychology. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v24i4.893
Fansler, V., Reed, R., bautista, e., Taylor Arnett, A., Perkins, F. & Hadley, S. (2019). Playing in the Borderlands: The transformative possibilities of queering music therapy pedagogy. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 19(3).https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v19i3.2679
Fiorenza, E. S. (2001). Wisdom ways: Introducing feminist biblical interpretation. Orbis Books.
Frederick, A. F. (2017). Empirically defining social justice through Q Sort methodology. [Doctoral dissertation, Oaklahoma State University].
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.
Goering, S. (2015). Rethinking disability: The social model of disability and chronic disease. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 8(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-015-9273-z
Golson, M. E., Ficklin, E., Haverkamp, C. R., McClain, M. B., & Harris, B. (2021). Cultural differences in social communication and interaction: A gap in autism research. Autism Research, 15(2), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2657
Goodley, D. (2014). Dis/ability studies: Theorising ableism and disablism. Routledge.
Goodley, D. (2017). Disability studies: An interdisciplinary introduction (2nd ed.). SAGE.
Gorman, A. (2021). Call us what we carry: Poems. Penguin Random House.
Gorski, P. C. (2018). Fighting racism, battling burnout: Causes of activist burnout in US racial justice activists. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(5), 667–687. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1439981
Gumble, M. (2020). Gender Affirming Voicework: A queer autoethnographic account. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v20i2.2916.
Gunaratnam, Y., & Lewis, G. (2001). Racialising emotional labour and emotionalising racialised labour: Anger, fear and shame in social welfare. Journal of Social Work Practice, 15(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530120090593
Hadjineophytou, S. (2022). Becoming “unknowing” and “inexpert”: Exploring the impact of language on perception and power in music therapy with Kirsty. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v22i3.3405
Hadjineophytou, S. (2023). Why we need to take personal responsibility for language use on disability. Nordoff and Robbins UK. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk/why-we-need-to-take-personal-responsibility-forlanguage-use-on-disability/
Hadjineophytou, S., & Apley, K. (2024, May 17-19). Music therapy is a radical force for social justice: Two complementary research projects [Conference presentation]. BAMT Conference 2024: About all of us, By all of us, For all of us, Leicester, UK.
Hadjineophytou, S., Pickard, B., Davies, H., & Roman, T. (2026). “But does it go far enough?”: Engaging with the revised UK Health and Care Professions Council Standards of Proficiency as an opportunity for growth in our understanding of emerging critical discourse on disability and music therapy. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v26i1.4560
Hadley, S. (2006). Feminist perspectives in music therapy. Barcelona Publishers.
Hadley, S. (2013). Dominant narratives: Complicity and the need for vigilance in the creative arts therapies. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40, 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2013.05.007
Hadley, S. (Ed.) (2014). Special issue on music therapy and disability studies. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 14(3).
Hahna, N. (2013). Towards an emancipatory practice: Incorporating feminist pedagogy in the creative arts therapies. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2013.05.002.
Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC) (2024). ‘Standards of proficiency’ Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://www.hcpc-uk.org/standards/standards-ofproficiency/
Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–575. https://doi.org/10.1086/227049
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart, commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
Honig, T., & Hadley, S. (2024). The myth of political neutrality. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v24i1.4187
Kenny, C., & Stige, B. (2002). Contemporary voices of music therapy: Communication, culture and community. Unipub.
Kim, K. M., & Fox, M. H. (2006). Moving to a holistic model of health among persons with mobility disabilities. Qualitative Social Work, 5(4), 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325006070290
Leza, J. (2020). Neuroqueering music therapy: Observations on the current state of neurodiversity in music therapy practice. In D. Milton (Ed.), The Neurodiversity Reader (pp. 210–225). Palgrave Macmillan.
Mains, T., Clarke, V., & Annesley, L. (2024). “Music therapy is the very definition of white privilege”: Music therapists’ perspectives on race and class in UK music therapy. Approaches: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Music Therapy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.56883/aijmt.2024.20
Moser, I. (2000). AGAINST NORMALISATION: Subverting norms of ability and disability. Science as Culture, 9(2), 201–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/713695234
Napoleon, J. (2021). Navigating privilege and colorism. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v21i1.3156
Nordoff and Robbins (2025a). The Nordoff Robbins Approach. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk/the-nordoff-robbins-approach/
Nordoff and Robbins (2025b). Partner Organisation Services. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk/partner-organisation/
Nordoff, P., & Robbins, C. (2004). Therapy in music for handicapped children (4th ed.). Barcelona Publishers.
Norris, M., & Hadley, S. (2019). Engaging race in music therapy supervision. In M. Forinash (Ed.), Music therapy supervision (pp. 101–126). Barcelona Publishers.
Norris, M. (2020). A call for radical imagining: Exploring anti-Blackness in the music therapy profession. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v20i3.3167
Oliver, M. (1990). The politics of disablement. Macmillan.
Open Society Justice Initiative. (2016). Eroding trust, the UK’s prevent counter-extremism strategy in health and education. Open Society Foundations. Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Compassion. In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.oed.com/dictionary/compassion_n?tl=true
Pavlicevic, M., & Ansdell, G. (2004). Community music therapy. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Pickard, B. (2023). Moving towards anti-oppressive practice in music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2023.2209402
Pickard, B., & Davies, H. (2024, May 17-19). “An asset to the profession, not an inconvenience”: The lived experiences of past and present disabled music therapists and disabled music therapy student in the UK [Conference presentation]. BAMT Conference 2024: About all of us, By all of us, For all of us, Leicester, UK.
Pickard, B., Thompson, G., Metell, M., Roginsky, E., & Elefant, C. (2020). “It’s not what’s done, but why it’s done”: Music therapists’ understanding of normalisation, maximisation and the neurodiversity movement. Voices: World Forum for Music Therapy, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v20i3.3110
Planned Parenthood Action Fund, Inc. (2025). Roe v. Wade overturned: How the Supreme Court let politicians outlaw abortion. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/issues/abortion/roe-v-wade
Procter, S. (2001). Empowering and enabling. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v1i2.58
Procter, S. (2011). Reparative musicing: Thinking on the usefulness of social capital theory within music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 20(3), 242–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2010.489998
Procter, S. (2013). Music therapy: What is it for whom? An ethnography of music therapy in a community mental health resource centre. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter]. UoE Campus Repository. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/11101
Register, D. (2013). Professional recognition of music therapy: Past, present and future.Music Therapy Perspectives, 31(2), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/31.2.159
Rickson, D. (2014). The relevance of disability perspectives in music therapy practice with children and young people who have intellectual disability. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v14i3.784
Rolvsjord, R. (2006). Therapy as empowerment: Clinical and political implications of empowerment philosophy in mental health practises of music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13(2), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098130409478107
Rolvsjord, R. (2010). Resource-oriented music therapy in mental health care. Barcelona Publishers.
Rolvsjord, R. (2014). The competent client and the complexity of dis-ability. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v14i3.787
Rolvsjord, R., & Hadley, S. (2016). Critical inquiries: Feminist perspectives and transformative research. In B. L. Wheeler & K. M. Murphy (Eds.), Music therapy research (pp. 479–490). Barcelona Publishers.
Roman, T. (2022). Developing a research approach to explore therapeutic relationships with children and young people with complex needs: A critical reflection. British Journal of Music Therapy, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/13594575221090180
Ruud, E. (1998). Music therapy: Improvisation, communication and culture. Barcelona Publishers.
Scrine, E. (2019). “It’s like mixing paint”: Songwriting gender diversity and alternative gender cultures with young people as an “after-queer” methodology. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.15845/voices.v19i3.2852
Shakespeare, T. (2010). The social model of disability. In L. J. Davis (Eds.), The disability studies reader. Routledge.
Shaw, C. (2019). Developing post-ableist music therapy: An autoethnography exploring the counterpoint of a therapist experiencing illness/disability. [Doctoral dissertation, Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington]. UW Campus Repository. https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.17136605
Shaw, C., Churchill, V., Curtain, S., Davies, A., Davis, B., Kalenderidis, Z., Langlois Hunt, E., McKenzie, B., Murray, M., & Thompson, G. (2022). Lived experiences perspectives on ableism within and beyond music therapists’ professional identities. Music Therapy Perspectives, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/mtp/miac001
Silverstein, J. (2021, June 4). The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/
Simpson, F. (2009). The Nordoff-Robbins adventure: Fifty years of Creative Music Therapy. James and James Publishers Ltd.
Snow, J., Kilty, J. M., & Gervais, C. (2024). “It is just so emotionally and mentally consuming to be a community organizer”: The emotional labour of anti-carceral activism. Studies in Social Justice, 18(3), 628–647. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v18i3.4364
Snyder, S., & Mitchell, D. (2006). Cultural locations of disability. University of Chicago Press.
Solli, H. P., & Rolvsjord, R. (2015). “The opposite of treatment”: A qualitative study of how patients diagnosed with psychosis experience music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 24(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/08098131.2014.890639
Stige, B. (2002). Culture-centred music therapy. Barcelona Publishers.
Stige, B. (2012). Health musicking: A perspective on music and health as action and performance. In R. MacDonald, G. Kreutz, & L. Mitchell (Eds.), Music, Health, and Wellbeing (pp. 183–195). Oxford University Press.
Tang, J., Vencatasamy, D., Morrison, N., Leonard, H., de Cruz, M., & Kalsi, P. (2024, May 18). How has your training prepared (or not prepared) you to deal with issues related to race and ethnicity in your clinical practice? [Conference presentation]. BAMT Conference 2024: About all of us, By all of us, For all of us, Leicester, UK.
Taylor, F. (2023). Unruly therapeutic: Black feminist writings and practices in living room. WW Norton & Company.
Tsiris, G. (2013). Voices from the ghetto: Music therapy perspectives on disability and music (a response to Joseph Straus’ book Extraordinary measures: Disability in music). International Journal of Community Music, 6(3), 333–343.
Turner, D. (2021). Intersections of privilege and otherness in counselling and psychotherapy. Routledge.
Walker, N. (2021). Neuroqueer heresies: Notes on the neurodiversity paradigm, autistic empowerment, and postnormal possibilities. Autonomous Press.
Whitehead-Pleaux, A., & Tan, X. (2016). Cultural intersections in music therapy: Music, health, and the person. Barcelona Publishers.
Winter, P. (2012). Loud hands and loud voices. In J. Bascom (Ed.), Loud hands: Autistic people, speaking (pp. 115–128). Autistic Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Kate Apley, Stella Hadjineophytou

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles published prior to 2019 are subject to the following license, see: https://voices.no/index.php/voices/copyright